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Further Reading:
R. Yates, et. al.,
"Achieving Innovative and Reliable Services in Unlicensed
Spectrum", NSF 01-149 ITR (Medium) Group Proposal, November 13,
2001.
E. M. Noam,
"Spectrum Auctions: Yesterday's Heresy, Today's Orthodoxy,
Tomorrow's Anachronism. Taking the Next Step to Open Spectrum
Access", Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 56(2), pp. 765-790,
1998.
O. Ileri, S.-C. Mau
and N. Mandayam, "Pricing for Enabling Self-Configuring
Networks", Industrial Advisory Board Research Talk, WINLAB,
October 10, 2002.
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The Spectrum Project, a multi-disciplinary
collaborative research between WINLAB, Stanford and Michigan State
University, aims at developing cooperation in unlicensed band wireless
networks through protocols for collaboration, mechanisms for fair and
efficient spectrum sharing and interference avoidance techniques.
The four ages of spectrum allocation have
been identified as:
- Occupancy stage: the period of
radio amateurs, early broadcasters, radio telegraph operators and the
U.S. Navy; when there was no regulation.
- Administrative paradigm: the
period when frequencies were allocated by the state through license
lotteries.
- Spectrum auctions: the current
era when spectrum resources go to the users that value them the
highest, but high advance payments become a barrier to entry and
encourages oligopoly.
- Open access: the future will see
users pay an access fee that is continuously and automatically
determined by the demand and supply conditions at the time, and nobody
"owns" any particular slice of the spectrum.
In an open access model, coexistence may be
encouraged through pricing in the following manner:
- Pricing as a policeman: network
charges users according to their transmit powers to discourage
excessive interference and wasteful battery consumption.
- Pricing as a mediator:
throughputs are priced to mediate between users' demanded Quality of
Service (QoS) and network interest (e.g. revenue).
- Pricing as an enabler: pricing
can be used to induce cooperation among autonomous users via
reimbursements to forwarders.
The
slides of a draft presentation may be accessed here (6 slides, 30 KB).
(Requires Macromedia Flash)
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